Gabaɗaya bayanin
Ruwa, kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, yana da ikon iya gudana.Ya bambanta da mai ƙarfi a cikin cewa yana fama da nakasawa saboda damuwa mai tsanani, duk da haka ƙananan damuwa na iya zama.Ma'auni ɗaya kawai shine isasshen lokaci ya kamata ya wuce don nakasar ta faru.A wannan ma'ana ruwa ba shi da siffa.
Ana iya raba ruwaye zuwa ruwaye da gas.Ruwa yana daɗaɗawa kaɗan kawai kuma akwai sarari kyauta lokacin da aka sanya shi a cikin buɗaɗɗen jirgin ruwa.A daya bangaren kuma, iskar gas kodayaushe yana fadadawa ya cika kwandonsa.Tururi iskar gas ne da ke kusa da yanayin ruwa.
Ruwan da injiniyan ya fi damu da shi shine ruwa.Yana iya ƙunsar har zuwa kashi uku cikin ɗari na iska a cikin bayani wanda a cikin matsi na yanayi ke ƙoƙarin fitowa.Dole ne a yi tanadi don wannan lokacin zayyana famfo, bawul, bututu, da dai sauransu.
Injin Diesel Vertical Turbine multistage centrifugal inline shaft water Drainage Pump Wannan nau'in famfo na magudanar ruwa na tsaye ana amfani dashi don yin famfo babu lalata, zafin jiki ƙasa da 60 ° C, daskararru da aka dakatar (ba tare da fiber ba, grits) ƙasa da 150 mg/L abun ciki na najasa ko ruwan sharar gida.VTP nau'in famfo magudanar ruwa a tsaye yana cikin famfunan ruwa na VTP na tsaye, kuma a kan haɓaka da abin wuya, saita bututun mai mai ruwa ne.Za a iya shan taba zafin jiki ƙasa da 60 ° C, aika don ƙunshe da wani ƙaƙƙarfan hatsi (kamar ƙura da yashi mai kyau, gawayi, da sauransu) na najasa ko ruwan sharar gida.
An siffanta ainihin kaddarorin jiki na ruwaye kamar haka:
Yawan yawa (ρ)
Yawan ruwa shine adadinsa kowace juzu'in raka'a.A cikin tsarin SI an bayyana shi azaman kg/m3.
Ruwa yana kan iyakar girmansa na 1000 kg/m3ku 4°C.Ana samun raguwa kaɗan a cikin yawa tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki amma don dalilai masu amfani da yawa na ruwa shine 1000 kg / m3.
Dangantaka mai yawa shine rabo na yawa na ruwa da na ruwa.
Takamaiman taro (w)
Ƙayyadaddun adadin ruwa shine adadinsa kowace juzu'in naúrar. A cikin tsarin Si, an bayyana shi a cikin N/m3.A yanayin zafi na al'ada, w shine 9810 N/m3ko 9,81 kN/m3(kimanin 10 kN/m3 don sauƙin lissafi).
Specific gravity (SG)
Ƙayyadaddun nauyin ruwa shine rabon adadin adadin da aka ba da shi zuwa yawan adadin ruwa ɗaya.Don haka shine ma'aunin ruwa mai yawa zuwa yawan ruwa mai tsafta, yawanci duk a 15 ° C.
Model No: TWP
Jerin TWP Movable Diesel Engine kai-priming Rijiyar Ruwa Pumps don gaggawa haɗin gwiwa ne da DRAKOS PUMP na Singapore da kamfanin REEOFLO na Jamus suka tsara.Wannan jerin famfo na iya jigilar kowane nau'in tsafta, tsaka-tsaki da lalataccen matsakaici mai ɗauke da barbashi.Warware da yawa na gargajiya kai-priming kuskuren famfo.Irin wannan nau'in famfo mai sarrafa kansa na musamman na bushewar gudu zai zama farawa ta atomatik kuma zata sake farawa ba tare da ruwa don farawa na farko ba, Shugaban tsotsa zai iya zama fiye da 9 m;Kyakkyawan ƙirar hydraulic da tsari na musamman yana kiyaye babban inganci fiye da 75%.Kuma tsarin shigarwa daban-daban don zaɓin zaɓi.
Matukar girma (k)
ko dalilai masu amfani, ana iya ɗaukar ruwaye a matsayin wanda ba zai iya haɗawa ba.Duk da haka, akwai wasu lokuta, irin su rashin daidaituwa a cikin bututu, inda ya kamata a yi la'akari da matsawa.Maɗaukakin maɗaukaki na elasticity, k, an bayar da shi ta:
inda p shine karuwar matsa lamba wanda idan aka yi amfani da shi zuwa ƙarar V, yana haifar da raguwar ƙarar AV.Tunda raguwar ƙarar dole ne a haɗa shi da madaidaicin haɓaka mai yawa, ƙila a bayyana ma'auni 1 kamar:
ko ruwa,k shine kusan 2 150 MPa a yanayin zafi na al'ada da matsi.Hakan ya biyo bayan cewa ruwa yana da kusan sau 100 fiye da ƙarfe.
Madaidaicin ruwa
Ruwan da ya dace ko cikakke shine wanda a cikinsa babu matsi ko damuwa tsakanin ɓangarorin ruwan.Sojojin koyaushe suna aiki bisa ga al'ada a wani sashe kuma suna iyakance ga matsa lamba da ƙarfin hanzari.Babu wani ruwa na gaske da ya cika cika wannan ra'ayi, kuma ga duk ruwan da ke cikin motsi akwai matsi masu tangal-tangal da ke da tasiri a kan motsin.Koyaya, wasu ruwaye, gami da ruwa, suna kusa da ingantaccen ruwa, kuma wannan sauƙaƙan zato yana ba da damar yin amfani da hanyoyin lissafi ko na hoto don magance wasu matsalolin kwarara.
Model No: XBC-VTP
XBC-VTP Series tsaye dogon shaft wuta fada farashinsa ne jerin mataki guda, multistage diffusers farashinsa, kerarre daidai da latest National Standard GB6245-2006.Mun kuma inganta ƙira tare da ma'anar ma'auni na Ƙungiyar Kare Wuta ta Amurka.Ana amfani da shi ne don samar da ruwan gobara a cikin petrochemical, gas na lantarki, tashar wutar lantarki, kayan aikin auduga, wharf, jirgin sama, ɗakunan ajiya, manyan gine-gine da sauran masana'antu.Hakanan yana iya amfani da jirgin ruwa, tankin ruwa, jirgin wuta da sauran lokutan samarwa.
Dankowar jiki
Dankowar ruwa shine ma'auni na juriya ga damuwa ko tsagewa.Yana tasowa ne daga hulɗa da haɗin kai na kwayoyin ruwa.Duk ainihin ruwaye suna da danko, ko da yake zuwa digiri daban-daban.Matsalolin da ke cikin wani abu mai ƙarfi ya yi daidai da damuwa yayin da damuwa a cikin ruwa ya yi daidai da yawan nau'in shearing.Ya biyo bayan cewa ba za a iya samun damuwa a cikin wani ruwa wanda yake hutawa ba.
Hoto 1. Nakasar ganima
Yi la'akari da wani ruwa da aka keɓe tsakanin faranti biyu waɗanda ke da ɗan gajeren tazara y dabam (Fig. 1).Ƙarƙashin farantin yana tsaye yayin da farantin na sama yana motsawa da sauri v. Ana tsammanin motsin ruwa zai faru a cikin jerin siraran siraran marasa iyaka ko laminae, kyauta don zamewa ɗaya akan ɗayan.Babu giciye ko tashin hankali.Layer da ke kusa da farantin tsaye yana hutawa yayin da layin da ke kusa da farantin motsi yana da saurin v. Matsakaicin nau'in shearing ko saurin gradient dv/dy.Danko mai ƙarfi ko, mafi sauƙi, danko μ ana bayarwa ta
Don haka:
Newton ne ya fara buga wannan furci na danniya mai danko kuma an san shi da Newton's equation of viscosity.Kusan dukkan ruwaye suna da madaidaicin daidaiton daidaito kuma ana kiran su ruwan Newtonian.
Hoto.2.Dangantaka tsakanin danniya mai shear da yawan nau'in shearing.
Hoto 2 hoto ne na zane-zane na Equation 3 kuma yana nuna halaye daban-daban na daskararru da ruwaye a ƙarƙashin damuwa mai shearing.
An bayyana danko a cikin centipoises (Pa.s ko Ns/m2).
A cikin matsaloli da yawa game da motsin ruwa, danko yana bayyana tare da yawa a cikin sigar μ/p (mai zaman kansa na ƙarfi) kuma yana dacewa don amfani da kalma ɗaya v, wanda aka sani da danƙon kinematic.
Darajar ν na mai mai nauyi na iya kaiwa 900 x 10-6m2/s, yayin da ruwa, wanda ke da ɗan ɗanko kaɗan, yana da 1,14 x 10?m2/s kawai a 15 ° C. Dankin kinematic na ruwa yana raguwa tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki.A cikin zafin jiki, dankon kinematic na iska yana kusan sau 13 na ruwa.
Surface tashin hankali da capillarity
Lura:
Haɗin kai shine sha'awar da kwatankwacinsu ke da juna.
Adhesion shine jan hankali wanda kwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya suke da su ga junansu.
Tashin hankali shine kayan jiki na zahiri wanda ke ba da damar digon ruwa a riƙe a dakatarwa a famfo, jirgin ruwa don cika da ruwa kadan sama da baki amma duk da haka ba ya zube ko allura ta shawagi a saman ruwa.Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun faru ne saboda haɗin kai tsakanin kwayoyin halitta a saman wani ruwa wanda ke hade da wani ruwa ko iskar gas maras misaltuwa.Kamar dai saman ya ƙunshi membrane na roba, mai daɗaɗɗa iri ɗaya, wanda koyaushe yana yin kwangilar yanki na sama.Don haka za mu ga cewa kumfa na iskar gas a cikin ruwa da ɗigon danshi a cikin sararin samaniya sun yi kusan siffar siffa.
Ƙarfin tashin hankali na saman kowane layi na hasashe a filin kyauta ya yi daidai da tsawon layin kuma yana aiki a kan wata hanya madaidaiciya zuwa gare shi.An bayyana tashin hankalin saman kowane tsayin raka'a a mN/m.Girmansa kadan ne, yana kusan 73mN/m don ruwa a cikin hulɗa da iska a zafin jiki.Akwai raguwa kaɗan a cikin dubun samaniakan tare da ƙara yawan zafin jiki.
A mafi yawan aikace-aikace a cikin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, tashin hankali na saman ba shi da mahimmanci tunda rundunonin da ke da alaƙa gabaɗaya ba su da mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da ƙarfin hydrostatic da ƙarfi.Tashin hankali na saman yana da mahimmanci kawai inda akwai sarari kyauta kuma iyakokin iyaka sun kasance ƙanana.Don haka a cikin yanayin ƙirar hydraulic, tasirin tashin hankali na sama, waɗanda ba su da wani sakamako a cikin samfuri, na iya yin tasiri ga yanayin kwarara a cikin ƙirar, kuma dole ne a yi la’akari da wannan tushen kuskure a cikin kwaikwaiyo yayin fassara sakamakon.
Tasirin tashin hankali na saman yana bayyana sosai a yanayin bututun ƙananan buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen yanayi.Waɗannan na iya ɗaukar nau'in bututun manometer a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko buɗe pores a cikin ƙasa.Misali, lokacin da aka tsoma karamin bututun gilashi a cikin ruwa, za a gano cewa ruwan ya tashi a cikin bututun, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 3.
Ruwan ruwa a cikin bututu, ko meniscus kamar yadda ake kira shi, yana jujjuyawa zuwa sama.An san lamarin a matsayin capillarity, kuma tuntuɓar tangential tsakanin ruwa da gilashin yana nuna cewa haɗin ciki na ruwa ya kasance ƙasa da mannewa tsakanin ruwa da gilashi.Matsin ruwan da ke cikin bututun da ke kusa da saman kyauta bai kai na yanayi ba.
Hoto 3. Capillarity
Mercury yana nuna hali daban-daban, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 3 (b) . Tun da ƙarfin haɗin kai ya fi ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa, kusurwar lamba ya fi girma kuma meniscus yana da fuska mai ma'ana zuwa yanayi kuma yana da damuwa.Matsin da ke kusa da filin kyauta ya fi na yanayi girma.
Za a iya guje wa tasirin capillarity a cikin manometers da gilashin ma'auni ta hanyar amfani da bututu waɗanda ba su da ƙasa da diamita 10 mm.
Ruwan Ruwan Ruwa na Centrifugal
Model No: ASN ASNV
Model ASN da ASNV famfo ne guda-mataki biyu tsotsa tsaga volute casing centrifugal famfo da kuma amfani da ko ruwa sufurin ruwa ga ayyukan ruwa, kwandishan wurare dabam dabam, gini, ban ruwa, magudanar famfo tashar, wutar lantarki tashar, masana'antu samar da ruwa tsarin, kashe gobara. tsarin, jirgin ruwa, gini da sauransu.
Matsin tururi
Kwayoyin ruwa waɗanda ke da isassun makamashin motsa jiki ana fitar da su daga cikin babban jikin ruwa a samansa kyauta kuma su shiga cikin tururi.Matsin da wannan tururi ke yi ana kiransa da matsa lamba, P,.Ƙara yawan zafin jiki yana haɗuwa da haɓakar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma don haka karuwa a matsa lamba.Lokacin da tururin tururi yayi daidai da matsi na iskar gas da ke sama, ruwan yana tafasa.Ruwan tururi na ruwa a 15°C shine 1,72 kPa(1,72 kN/m2).
Matsin yanayi
Ana auna matsi na yanayi a saman duniya da barometer.A matakin teku matsakaicin matsa lamba na yanayi ya kai 101 kPa kuma an daidaita shi a wannan ƙimar.Akwai raguwa a cikin matsa lamba na yanayi tare da tsayi;Alal misali, a 1 500m an rage zuwa 88 kPa.Rukunin ruwa daidai yana da tsayin mita 10,3 a matakin teku, kuma galibi ana kiransa barometer na ruwa.Tsayin yana da hasashe, tun da tururi matsa lamba na ruwa zai hana a samu cikakken injin ruwa.Mercury wani ruwa ne na barometric mafi girma, tun da yake yana da matsa lamba mara kyau.Har ila yau, babban nauyinsa yana haifar da wani ginshiƙi mai tsayi mai tsayi - kimanin 0,75 m a matakin teku.
Kamar yadda yawancin matsalolin da ake fuskanta a cikin injinan ruwa suna sama da matsa lamba na yanayi kuma ana auna su ta kayan aikin da ke yin rikodin in mun gwada da kyau, ya dace a ɗauki matsin yanayi a matsayin datum, watau sifili.Ana kiran matsi a matsayin ma'aunin ma'auni lokacin da yake sama da yanayin yanayi da matsatsin injin lokacin da ke ƙasa da shi.Idan an ɗauki matsi na sifili na gaskiya azaman datum, an ce matsin lamba cikakke ne.A cikin Babi na 5 inda aka tattauna NPSH, an bayyana duk adadi a cikin cikakkiyar ma'aunin barometer na ruwa, matakin iesea = 0 bar ma'auni = 1 bar cikakkar = 101 kPa = 10,3 m ruwa.
Lokacin aikawa: Maris-20-2024